The study participants uniformly said that Korean-born mothers in general are extreme compared to Japanese mothers regarding their children’s education. Nevertheless, according to Kiyoung, some Japanese mothers take their children’s education very seriously and have a much stricter approach, compared to his open-minded mother. They might provide examples of mothers who are more adapted or assimilated to Korean society and have assumed the role of an education-oriented mother. An example of strict Japanese mothers in terms of education is Hyomin’s mother. Hyomin revealed that his mother was passionate about his education, often pushing him to study harder. She would obtain educational information from her circle of Japanese mothers. Moreover, his mother guided Hyomin in a very detailed way covering many dimensions of his life, such as, education, career, religiosity, and overall life principles. Below is an excerpt of Hyomin describing his mother’s parenting. Japan is often viewed as a strict culture, which leads many foreigners to suspect strict rules and enforcement by Japanese parents at home. This isn’t always the case, however. While Western parents are more focused on rule compliance and consistency of enforcement, Japanese parents tend to give into rules more and not rely so much on punishment. Instead, Japanese children are part of small groups (school, after school clubs, sports, etc.), which emphasize the importance of cooperation and harmony. The social pressure from these groups act as rule enforcers, indirectly demanding compliance, and teaching children proper behavior and obedience. Where parents with a permissive parenting style let children run wild and parents with an authoritarian parenting style leave kids little space to thrive, the Japanese reconcile these extremes with their authoritative way of parenting. They give their children lots of leeway to be self-reliant but hold up high expectations.

Parenting Styles: 6 Ways Japanese Parenting Culture Can Help You Raise a Resilient, Self-Reliant ChildAlso, they consider talking about their child’s activities as bad form. "And simply mentioning that your child plays for this soccer team or attends that academy can come off as boastful; it’s enough that he is seen in public wearing the uniform." The cradle of Javanese culture is commonly described as being in Kedu and Kewu Plain in the fertile slopes of Mount Merapi as the heart of the Mataram Kingdom. [39] The earliest Sanjaya and Sailendra dynasties had their power base there. [40] :238–239 Between the late 8th century and the mid-9th century, the kingdom saw the blossoming of classical Javanese art and architecture reflected in the rapid growth of temple construction. The most notable of the temples constructed are Kalasan, Sewu, Borobudur and Prambanan. [41] At its peak, the Javanese kingdom had become a dominant empire that exercised its power—not only in Java island, but also in Sumatra, Bali, southern Thailand, Indianized kingdoms of the Philippines, and the Khmer in Cambodia. [42] [43] [44] Dutch rule was briefly interrupted by British rule in the early 19th century. While short, the British administration led by Stamford Raffles was significant, and included the re-discovery of Borobudur. Conflict with foreign rule was exemplified by the Java War between 1825 and 1830, and the leadership of Prince Diponegoro.

Traditional Javanese buildings can be identified by their trapezoid shaped roofs supported by wooden pillars. [65] Another common feature in Javanese buildings are pendopo, pavilions with open-sides and four large pillars. The pillars and other parts of the buildings can be richly carved. This architecture style can be found at kraton, or palaces, of the Sultanates of Yogyakarta (palaces of Hamengkubuwono and Pakualaman) and Surakarta (palaces of Pakubuwono and Mangkunegaran). [66]Here, she mentioned the financial benefit that all Japanese-Korean families can receive. While the fact that they still differentiate themselves from Koreans and preserve their national identity as Japanese is one reason for not applying for citizenship, there may also be a financial factor driving reluctance to naturalize among Japanese mothers. A marriage-immigrant mother is expected to take the primary responsibility for child rearing due to patriarchal traditions being firmly preserved [ 22], as in Korean native families. However, parenting of migrant women might differ in style compared to that of Korean women for multiple reasons. It can differ based on not only their own experience in the origin country, but also due to socioeconomic characteristics in the host country and the post-immigration adaptation experience [ 5, 23]. A few studies have discussed potential behavioral differences in parenting among immigrant mothers in Korea [ 23, 24, 25]. For example, Park et al. [ 26] found that life satisfaction levels of mothers positively affect their parenting behavior. Life satisfaction can differ depending on how adapted they are to the new environment or on their economic circumstances. The same study also found that Korean mothers display coercive and affectionate-rational behavior more often than Japanese mothers do, implying cultural differences between the two countries.

And writer Maryanne Murray Buechner thought so too. When she spent almost six years in Tokyo, she uncovered some fascinating truths behind Japanese parenting culture. Main article: Candi of Indonesia There are hundreds of temples found in central and eastern Java (Javanese area); this is the most of any area in Indonesia and Southeast Asia Borobudur, the world's largest Buddhist temple Sukuh temple near Tawang Mangu, Central Java There are significant numbers of Javanese diaspora outside of central and eastern Java regions, including the other provinces of Indonesia, as well as other countries such as Suriname, Singapore, Malaysia, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Yemen and the Netherlands. [23] [24] [25] [26] The Javanese ethnic group has many sub-groups (based on native Javanese community on the island of Java) that can be distinguished based on their characteristics, customs, traditions, dialects, or even ways of life. These include Banyumasan, Cirebonese, Mataram, Osing, and Tenggerese. [27] The majority of the Javanese people identify themselves as Sunni Muslims, with a small minority identifying as Christians and Hindus. With a large global population, the Javanese are considered significant as they are the largest Muslim ethnic group in the Far East and the fourth largest in the world after the Arabs, [28] Bengalis, [29] and Punjabis. [30] Another large ship built by the Javanese was the jong, first recorded in an Old Javanese inscription from the 9th century AD. [122] :60 Although the characteristics may be similar, it has some differences from the po that it was using wooden dowels for joining the planks and has double passenger-to-deadweight ratio. During the Majapahit era, a jong usually carried 600–700 men with 1200–1400 tons deadweight, and was about 69.26–72.55 m LOD and 76.18–79.81 m LOA. The largest ones, carried 1000 men with 2000 tons deadweight, was about 80.51 m LOD and 88.56 m LOA. [131] The jong was mainly constructed in two major shipbuilding centres around Java: north coastal Java, especially around Rembang– Demak (along the Muria strait) and Cirebon; and the south coast of Borneo ( Banjarmasin) and the adjacent islands. [132] :33 Pegu, which is a large shipbuilding port at the 16th century, also produced jong, built by Javanese who resided there. [133] :250The development of close relationships in Japan and the United States: Paths of symbiotic harmony and generative tension. The centre of Javanese culture and politics was moved towards the eastern part of the island when Mpu Sindok (r. 929–947) moved the capital of the kingdoms eastward to the valleys of the Brantas River in the 10th century CE. The move was most likely caused by the volcanic eruption of Merapi and/or invasion from Srivijaya. [40] :238–239 The Javanese were probably involved in the Austronesian migration to Madagascar in the first centuries C.E. While the culture of the migration is most closely related with the Ma'anyan people of Borneo, a portion of the Malagasy language is derived from loanwords from the Javanese language. [153] It is possible that Ma'anyan people (or other indigenous people of Kalimantan closely related to the Ma'anyans) were brought as labourer and slaves by their Javanese masters in their trading fleets, which reached Madagascar by ca. 50–500 AD. [154] [155] [104] :114–115 Situating the child in context: attachment relationships and self-regulation in different cultures. Japanese moms set high standards for their children’s bento box meals, rising early to prepare an elaborate selection of healthy items that look pretty too — fish, vegetables, tofu, seaweed, rice balls shaped like animals or plants," she writes.

Like most Indonesian ethnic groups, including the Sundanese of West Java, the Javanese are of Austronesian origins whose ancestors are thought to have originated in Taiwan, and migrated through the Philippines [35] to reach Java between 1,500BC and 1,000BC. [36] However, according to recent genetic study, Javanese together with Sundanese and Balinese has almost equal ratio of genetic marker shared between Austronesian and Austroasiatic heritages. [37] Ancient Javanese kingdoms and empires [ edit ] Javanese adapted many aspects of Indian culture, such as the Ramayana epic Before the rise of Islam, between the 5th to 15th centuries, Dharmic faiths (Hinduism and Buddhism) were the majority in the Indonesian archipelago, especially in Java. As a result, numerous Hindu temples, locally known as Candi, were constructed and dominated the landscape of Java. According to local beliefs, the Java valley had thousands of Hindu temples that co-existed with Buddhist temples, most of which were buried in the massive eruption of Mount Merapi in 1006 AD. [63]

Discussion

Javanese people made several types of armor such as karambalangan, kawaca, siping-siping, and waju rante. They also made steel helmets called rukuh. Armor is probably only used by high-ranking soldiers and trained/salaried troops, with salaried standing army numbering as many as 30,000 existing during the Singhasari and Majapahit era (1222 to 1527 CE), with the first mention being in the Chinese record Zhu Fan Zhi of 1225 CE. A part of the Javanese armies usually consisted of peasant levies who fought bare-chested. [106] :320–321 [146] :75–80 [147] :111–113 [148] :467 [149] Batik making [ edit ]