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In 2003 NASA conducted a conceptual study called Human Outer Planets Exploration (HOPE) regarding the future human exploration of the outer Solar System. The target chosen to consider in detail was Callisto. [24] [91] I'm looking forward to trying this! Buying it for Christmas as I just got NFS Unbound (which is great fun btw). The Calisto Protocol obviously has a few technical issues to iron out so I'm happy to wait until the end of the month. Apoapsis is derived from the semimajor axis ( a) and eccentricity ( e): a ( 1 + e ) {\displaystyle a(1+e)} . Galileo spacecraft images of the surface of Jupiter's moon Callisto have revealed large landslide deposits within two large impact craters. The two landslides are about 3 to 3.5 km in length. (Image credit: Lunar and Planetary Institute/Arizona State University)

Administration Team

More close-up observations required a wait until 1996 when the Galileo spacecraft commenced the first of 12 flybys of the moon. Galileo's repeated flybys and higher resolution revealed much more information about Callisto than before. More of the surface was mapped, a thin carbon dioxide atmosphere was discovered, and evidence of a subsurface ocean was uncovered. In Virgil, a second oblique stem appears in Latin: Callistōn-, [39] but the corresponding Callistonian has rarely appeared in English. [40] One also sees ad hoc forms, such as Callistan, [13] Callistian [41] and Callistean. [42] [43] Orbit and rotation [ edit ] Galilean moons around Jupiter Jupiter · Io · Europa · Ganymede · Callisto Callisto (bottom left), Jupiter (top right) and Europa (below and left of Jupiter's Great Red Spot) as viewed by Cassini–Huygens The surface of Callisto is the oldest and most heavily cratered object in the Solar System. [10] Its surface is completely covered with impact craters. [11] It does not show any signatures of subsurface processes such as plate tectonics or volcanism, with no signs that geological activity in general has ever occurred, and is thought to have evolved predominantly under the influence of impacts. [12] Prominent surface features include multi-ring structures, variously shaped impact craters, and chains of craters ( catenae) and associated scarps, ridges and deposits. [12] At a small scale, the surface is varied and made up of small, sparkly frost deposits at the tips of high spots, surrounded by a low-lying, smooth blanket of dark material. [6] This is thought to result from the sublimation-driven degradation of small landforms, which is supported by the general deficit of small impact craters and the presence of numerous small knobs, considered to be their remnants. [13] The absolute ages of the landforms are not known. The partial differentiation of Callisto (inferred e.g. from moment of inertia measurements) means that it has never been heated enough to melt its ice component. [22] Therefore, the most favorable model of its formation is a slow accretion in the low-density Jovian subnebula—a disk of the gas and dust that existed around Jupiter after its formation. [21] Such a prolonged accretion stage would allow cooling to largely keep up with the heat accumulation caused by impacts, radioactive decay and contraction, thereby preventing melting and fast differentiation. [21] The allowable timescale for the formation of Callisto lies then in the range 0.1million–10million years. [21] Views of eroding (top) and mostly eroded (bottom) ice knobs (~100m high), possibly formed from the ejecta of an ancient impact

Yet another thing The Callisto Protocol riffs on is death animations. Jacob meets his maker in all manner of gory ways, from having his eyes poked out to his torso ripped in two. Obviously influenced by Dead Space once more, these scenes are at least inventive and incredibly brutal. Not that you ever want to die and put a stop to progression, but seeing how Jacob died next was at least a fun buffer to another failed run. Temperature: The mean surface temperature of Callisto is minus 218.47 degrees Fahrenheit (minus 139.2 Celsius). Callisto FAQs answered by an expert The discovery had not only astronomical, but also religious implications. At the time, the Catholic Church supported the idea that everything orbited the Earth, an idea put forth in ancient times by Aristotle and Ptolemy. Galileo's observations of Jupiter's moons — as well as noticing that Venus went through "phases" similar to our own moon — gave compelling evidence that not everything revolved around the Earth. The Callistoan surface is asymmetric: the leading hemisphere [g] is darker than the trailing one. This is different from other Galilean satellites, where the reverse is true. [6] The trailing hemisphere [g] of Callisto appears to be enriched in carbon dioxide, whereas the leading hemisphere has more sulfur dioxide. [52] Many fresh impact craters like Lofn also show enrichment in carbon dioxide. [52] Overall, the chemical composition of the surface, especially in the dark areas, may be close to that seen on D-type asteroids, [12] whose surfaces are made of carbonaceous material. Impact crater diameters seen range from 0.1km—a limit defined by the imaging resolution—to over 100km, not counting the multi-ring structures. [12] Small craters, with diameters less than 5km, have simple bowl or flat-floored shapes. Those 5–40km across usually have a central peak. Larger impact features, with diameters in the range 25–100km, have central pits instead of peaks, such as Tindr crater. [12] The largest craters with diameters over 60km can have central domes, which are thought to result from central tectonic uplift after an impact; [12] examples include Doh and Hár craters. A small number of very large—more than 100km in diameter—and bright impact craters show anomalous dome geometry. These are unusually shallow and may be a transitional landform to the multi-ring structures, as with the Lofn impact feature. [12] Callisto's craters are generally shallower than those on the Moon.

Regulatory Team

Th game is technically broken on anything other than PS5. Yet aside from that it's clear this game was rushed out without being properly optomized or play tested and adjusted. It almost looks like what they decided to do in the end because they wanted to just push this bad boy out is they were like: Callisto was discovered independently by Simon Marius and Galileo Galilei in 1610, along with the three other large Jovian moons— Ganymede, Io, and Europa. [1] Name [ edit ] See also: List of geological features on Callisto Galileo image of cratered plains, illustrating the pervasive local smoothing of Callisto's surface Pioneer 10 and Pioneer 11 each flew by Jupiter and its moons in the early 1970s, but these missions didn't give much new information on Callisto beyond what Earth-based telescopes showed. It was the Voyager missions of the late 1970s that really showed us a different picture of the moon. Callisto's density and temperature were refined, and images of the surface showed features as small as 1 kilometer per pixel — in other words, a resolution small enough to spot impact craters. In fact, Callisto was very heavily cratered compared with the other moons, the authors wrote. "Some dismissed Callisto as the most boring object of its size in the solar system," they added.